Relative value and Return on capital employed: Difference between pages

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imported>Doug Williamson
(Expand definition.)
 
imported>Doug Williamson
(Update for non-current liabilities which are not debt.)
 
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(RV).
__NOTOC__(ROCE).  


Relative value is the price of an investment product relative to the price of another closely related comparable investment product.  
An accounting measure of management performance, calculated as the accounting profits divided by the total book value of the capital employed to earn the profits.


This measure needs care in its definition and application, because both the 'profit' and the 'capital employed' inputs can be defined in different ways.


For example, looking at the relative value opportunity (for an investor) of two issuers in the same sector, based on models and analyses, they may appear to be fully comparable, but one is priced lower than the other.


All other things being equal, the lower priced issuer will therefore have a better relative value - and be more attractive - from the perspective of a potential investor.  
For example, depending on the context, the 'profit' may be either before tax or after tax.


Similarly, whilst 'capital employed' will always include an appropriate measure for debt, the measure of debt which is considered appropriate may differ, according to the context.


If a relative price increases, it shows that demand exceeds supply, whereas if a relative price decreases, it indicates the opposite.
 
===Simple before-tax ROCE based on operating profit and non-current liabilities===
In the absence of other more detailed information, a very simple before-tax measure of ROCE is:
 
ROCE = Operating profit / (equity + non-current liabilities)
 
 
In this very simple context:
 
'Operating profit' is the before-tax profit measure, often the same as profit before interest and tax (PBIT); and
 
'Non-current liabilities' are the relevant measure of debt. It is assumed - in the absence of any other information - that all non-current liabilities are debt.
 
 
===Refining the measure of capital employed===
In other more advanced contexts, the measure of debt may be refined in a number of ways.
 
For example:
 
*Any non-current liabilities which are identified and which are not debt are excluded from the measure of capital employed.
 
*Debt may be defined as net debt, in other words taking account both of shorter-term debt and of the netting off of most cash and cash-equivalent surpluses.
 
 
===After-tax ROCE for EVA calculations===
When ROCE is used in the calculation of economic value added (EVA), its inputs are defined as:
 
Return = PBIT x (1 - Tax rate)
 
Capital Employed = Book value of Equity + Book value of Debt.




== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Absolute]]
* [[Accounting rate of return]]
* [[Default]]
* [[Book value]]
* [[Demand]]
* [[Capital employed]]
* [[Issuer]]
* [[Debt]]
* [[Model]]
* [[Economic value added]]
* [[Relative ]]
* [[Equity]]
* [[Supply]]
* [[Non-current liabilities]]
* [[Profit before interest and tax]] (PBIT)
* [[Profitability]]
* [[Return]]
* [[Return on assets]]
* [[Return on equity]]
* [[Return on investment]]


[[Category:The_business_context]]
[[Category:Corporate_finance]]
[[Category:Investment]]
[[Category:Financial_products_and_markets]]

Revision as of 18:57, 4 September 2017

(ROCE).

An accounting measure of management performance, calculated as the accounting profits divided by the total book value of the capital employed to earn the profits.

This measure needs care in its definition and application, because both the 'profit' and the 'capital employed' inputs can be defined in different ways.


For example, depending on the context, the 'profit' may be either before tax or after tax.

Similarly, whilst 'capital employed' will always include an appropriate measure for debt, the measure of debt which is considered appropriate may differ, according to the context.


Simple before-tax ROCE based on operating profit and non-current liabilities

In the absence of other more detailed information, a very simple before-tax measure of ROCE is:

ROCE = Operating profit / (equity + non-current liabilities)


In this very simple context:

'Operating profit' is the before-tax profit measure, often the same as profit before interest and tax (PBIT); and

'Non-current liabilities' are the relevant measure of debt. It is assumed - in the absence of any other information - that all non-current liabilities are debt.


Refining the measure of capital employed

In other more advanced contexts, the measure of debt may be refined in a number of ways.

For example:

  • Any non-current liabilities which are identified and which are not debt are excluded from the measure of capital employed.
  • Debt may be defined as net debt, in other words taking account both of shorter-term debt and of the netting off of most cash and cash-equivalent surpluses.


After-tax ROCE for EVA calculations

When ROCE is used in the calculation of economic value added (EVA), its inputs are defined as:

Return = PBIT x (1 - Tax rate)

Capital Employed = Book value of Equity + Book value of Debt.


See also