imported>Administrator |
imported>Doug Williamson |
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| (EVA).
| | ''Regulation - ethics.'' |
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| The periodic addition to shareholder value resulting from the efficient management and allocation of a firm's resources.
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| EVA can be quantified at a whole-firm level as:
| | The overstatement of an organisation's ethical concerns and actions. |
| EVA = [Return on book capital LESS Market cost of capital] x Book capital.
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| Taking a simplified example, for an all-equity financed firm with a market capitalisation (P<sub>0</sub>) of $130m, book value of equity $100m, and annual after tax returns of $13m.
| | Potentially with the effect or intention of delaying effective regulation. |
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| [To keep the illustration simple, we will assume no growth, in other words the whole of the annual after tax returns of $13m are paid out as dividends (D<sub>1</sub>).]
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| Return on book capital = 13/100 = 13%.
| | Analogous with greenwashing. |
| Market cost of capital = 13/130 = 10%
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| (Using Ke = D<sub>1</sub>/P<sub>0</sub>).
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| EVA = [13% - 10% = 3%] x $100m = $3m.
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| ''In practice a number of adjustments would be made both to the market values and to the book values used in the calculation of the EVA. So the application of EVA analysis is both more complicated, and arguably more subjective, than the simple calculation illustrated above.''
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| Turning back for now to our simple example, EVA is also closely related to Market value added (MVA). MVA is the total present value of the expected EVA in the current and future periods.
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| For example in this case it is a simple fixed perpetuity of $3m, which is evaluated using the simple fixed perpetuity formula 1/r at the market cost of capital 10%:
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| MVA = $3m/0.10 = $30m.
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| 2.
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| It is also possible to calculate and analyse EVA at the individual project level.
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| In simple terms, EVA is positive when the project Internal rate of return exceeds the (appropriately risk-adjusted) Weighted average cost of capital.
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| A simple decision rule when using EVA at the project level is to reject all negative EVA projects.
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| Positive EVA projects would be considered further.
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| The important insight from EVA analysis is that a project or division is <u>destructive</u> of shareholder value when its returns are inferior to the relevant economic cost of capital, even if it appears to be profitable when measured on an accounting basis (for example on an Earnings per share basis).
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| == See also == | | == See also == |
| * [[Book value]] | | * [[Greenwash]] |
| * [[Cost of capital]] | | * [[Regulation]] |
| * [[Earnings per share]] | | * [[Transparency]] |
| * [[Excess Return]] | | * [[Window-dressing]] |
| * [[Market value added]]
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| * [[Return on capital employed]]
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| * [[Shareholder value]]
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| * [[Wealth Added Index]]
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| | [[Category:Accounting,_tax_and_regulation]] |
| | [[Category:The_business_context]] |
| | [[Category:Compliance_and_audit]] |
| | [[Category:Ethics]] |
