Hard and Leverage: Difference between pages

From ACT Wiki
(Difference between pages)
Jump to navigationJump to search
imported>Doug Williamson
(Layout.)
 
imported>Doug Williamson
(Layout.)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
1.
__TOC__


A market is generally said to be hard if prices in the market are rising.


==Leverage calculation==


2.
Leverage is most commonly defined as debt divided by Debt plus Equity


Hard measures are ones which are readily quantifiable, especially in money terms.  
= D / (D + E).
 
 
<span style="color:#4B0082">'''Example 1: Leverage calculation'''</span>
 
If the amounts of debt and equity were equal then leverage under this definition would be calculated as:<br />
1 / (1 + 1) = 50%.
 
 
==Broader definitions==
 
The term 'leverage' is also used in a broader sense to refer to the amount of debt in a firm's financial structure.<br />
Used in this broader sense, 'leverage' means very much the same as 'gearing'. <br />
However, leverage and gearing are normally quantified by different calculations.
 
 
==Leveraging up==
 
To 'leverage up' means to increase the level of gearing in an operational or financial structure.  The intention of leveraging up is to improve expected net results.  <br />
A consequence of leveraging up is normally to increase financial risk.<br />
Many financial disasters have been a consequence of leveraging up excessively in this way in earlier periods.
 
 
==Leverage in banking==
 
Banks tend to have very high levels of leverage, compared with non-financial corporates.
 
Maximum levels of leverage are established by prudential regulation, including regulatory leverage ratios.
 
 
Leverage ratios in banking are usually defined as the ratio of total balance sheet assets to equity.
 
 
==Leverage in derivatives trading==
 
Leverage is also the ratio of the total value of a derivatives contract relative to the size of the required margin or collateral. <br />
 
 
<span style="color:#4B0082">'''Example 2: Leverage in derivatives trading'''</span>
 
10:1 leverage means that an investor needs to provide GBP 10,000 in order to control a position of a GBP 100,000 value futures contract while taking responsibility for any losses or gains their investments incur. <br />As a result if the value of the contract rose by 10% to GBP 110,000, there will be a potential profit of 100% (= 10 x 10%) relative to the amount of GBP 10,000 invested.<br /><br />
 
Similarly if the value were to fall by 10% to GBP 90,000, there would be a loss of the all the initial investment.<br />
Again the change in the value of the total position is 10 x the 10% movement in the value of the contract.<br />
In this case, a loss of 10 x 10% = 100%.<br />
<br />
It is also possible to lose more than the entire value of the initial investment.<br />
This is why derivatives trading can be so dangerous for the investor.




== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Hard call protection]]
* [[Debt]]
* [[Hard currency]]
* [[Deleverage]]
* [[Soft]]
* [[Equity]]
* [[Commodity]]
* [[Gearing]]
* [[Leverage ratio]]
* [[Prudential Regulation Authority]]
* [[Stability]]
 
 
==Other links==
[http://www.treasurers.org/node/8012 Masterclass: Measuring financial risk, The Treasurer, July 2012]
 
[[Category:Corporate_finance]]

Revision as of 16:10, 11 August 2016


Leverage calculation

Leverage is most commonly defined as debt divided by Debt plus Equity

= D / (D + E).


Example 1: Leverage calculation

If the amounts of debt and equity were equal then leverage under this definition would be calculated as:
1 / (1 + 1) = 50%.


Broader definitions

The term 'leverage' is also used in a broader sense to refer to the amount of debt in a firm's financial structure.
Used in this broader sense, 'leverage' means very much the same as 'gearing'.
However, leverage and gearing are normally quantified by different calculations.


Leveraging up

To 'leverage up' means to increase the level of gearing in an operational or financial structure. The intention of leveraging up is to improve expected net results.
A consequence of leveraging up is normally to increase financial risk.
Many financial disasters have been a consequence of leveraging up excessively in this way in earlier periods.


Leverage in banking

Banks tend to have very high levels of leverage, compared with non-financial corporates.

Maximum levels of leverage are established by prudential regulation, including regulatory leverage ratios.


Leverage ratios in banking are usually defined as the ratio of total balance sheet assets to equity.


Leverage in derivatives trading

Leverage is also the ratio of the total value of a derivatives contract relative to the size of the required margin or collateral.


Example 2: Leverage in derivatives trading

10:1 leverage means that an investor needs to provide GBP 10,000 in order to control a position of a GBP 100,000 value futures contract while taking responsibility for any losses or gains their investments incur.
As a result if the value of the contract rose by 10% to GBP 110,000, there will be a potential profit of 100% (= 10 x 10%) relative to the amount of GBP 10,000 invested.

Similarly if the value were to fall by 10% to GBP 90,000, there would be a loss of the all the initial investment.
Again the change in the value of the total position is 10 x the 10% movement in the value of the contract.
In this case, a loss of 10 x 10% = 100%.

It is also possible to lose more than the entire value of the initial investment.
This is why derivatives trading can be so dangerous for the investor.


See also


Other links

Masterclass: Measuring financial risk, The Treasurer, July 2012