imported>Administrator |
imported>Doug Williamson |
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| ''Statistics.''
| | Either a pension scheme that offers both defined benefit and defined contribution elements, or a scheme that provides a benefit calculated as the better of two alternatives (for example on a defined benefit or defined contribution basis). |
| A description of the relative number of times that given outcomes have occurred, or are expected to occur, relative to the whole population.
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| Three important frequency distributions are the Normal distribution, Lognormal distribution, and Leptokurtic distribution, described below. All three of these types of distribution are used in practice as approximations to model the distributions of financial variables.
| | Schemes of this type were once common in Australia. |
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| ''Normal distributions'' are usually the simplest approximations to work with, and are assumed by - for example - many Value at Risk analysis models and measures. A theoretical shortcoming of using normal distributions as a model is that they assume an infinitely large downside potential including negative prices; whereas many financial variables - such as asset prices - cannot in practice fall so far as to become negative.
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| ''Lognormal distributions'' usually describe better the theoretical range of financial variables such as traded equity prices, which theoretically have no upside limit but which cannot fall below zero.
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| In practice, observed financial returns are usually more closely approximated by ''leptokurtic distributions'', with a greater frequency both of very high and of very low returns, than predicted by the comparable normal distribution. So in risk analysis, if a population distribution is assumed to be normal, but is in reality leptokurtic, downside risk will be understated.
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| Other common types of frequency distribution include Binomial distributions and Poisson distributions.
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| == See also == | | == See also == |
| * [[Binomial distribution]] | | * [[Defined benefit pension scheme]] |
| * [[Cumulative frequency distributions]] | | * [[Defined contribution pension scheme]] |
| * [[Decile]] | | * [[Hybrid]] |
| * [[Frequency curve]]
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| * [[Frequency polygon]]
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| * [[Grouped frequency distribution]]
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| * [[Histogram]]
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| * [[Leptokurtic frequency distribution]]
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| * [[Lognormal frequency distribution]]
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| * [[Normal frequency distribution]]
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| * [[Percentile]]
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| * [[Poisson distribution]]
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| * [[Probability]]
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| * [[Value at risk]]
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| | [[Category:Manage_risks]] |
