Activities undertaken for the purpose of earning profits. For example, the UK's HM Revenue & Customs describes itself as having three Business areas: digital, customer services and compliance. ...

...context, objectivity means making professional judgements without bias or the undue influence of others. * [[Business ethics]] ...

...siness days after the business day on which the related deal was struck in the market. In this context, T+1 means settlement following after one business day. ...

...usiness day after the business day on which the related deal was struck in the market. In this context, T+2 means settlement following after two business days. ...

Broadly, divestment is the opposite of investment. It usually refers to the sale of a business segment or subsidiary business. ...

In a commercial context, the business ''entity'' refers to the whole of the business undertaking, regardless of whether it is financed by equity alone or by a c The Entity Value is therefore the total value of the Equity plus the Debt. ...

==== Business risk generally ==== In its broadest sense, business risk means the set of risks taken by a business in choosing to operate in a commercially competitive environment, launching ...

...r’s insolvency or unwillingness to pay its debt or to perform according to the contract. For example the insolvency or unwillingness of a bank, customer, supplier or guarantor. ...

In a commercial context, a customer is an individual or organisation that pays for goods, services, In relation to public sector activities, customers are the people or organisations that receive services provided by public sector bod ...

...ances that would render a business unviable, thereby identifying potential business vulnerabilities. Reverse stress-testing starts from an outcome of business failure, and identifies circumstances where this might occur. ...

...ions of a business and to finance its future development in the context of the corporate plan. ...

===Overview of the Framework=== The ACT Competency Framework is the result of consultation with senior treasurers, banks and learning and devel ...

1. ''Business organisation.'' 'Enterprise value' is the total value of a commercial business, whether funded by equity alone or by a combination of equity and debt. ...

...st and develop areas of the business. These include refinancing through to the introduction of new equity or debt... ...ice and cyber security considerations businesses should address within the context of a corporate finance transaction. ...

...yed by an organisation, especially in the most senior positions, including the board of directors. In the investment context, diversity is the beneficial result of the appropriate diversification of investments. ...

In the context of foreign operations, a branch is an alternative to having a subsidiary co The foreign branch is a full part of the company headquartered in the home country, rather than being a separate legal entity. ...

...rrency asset in a location other than the country of which the currency is the domestic currency. For example, a holding of Japanese yen in the United States (which would also be known as 'Euroyen'). ...

Clearing Member, in the context of a clearing house or clearing system. * [[Business process re-engineering]] ...

...inality means that there are different, and equally valid, routes to reach the same end result. In business, equifinality means that firms can establish similar competitive advantages ...

Capital has a wide range of meanings, depending on the context. In financial accounting, capital is money the business owes the owner. ...

The purpose of health and wellness coaching is to support clients to become aut In this context, health includes physical and mental health, and emotional self-regulation. ...

The total value of a commercial business, whether funded by equity alone or by a combination of equity and debt. This total value - in this context - is also known as the 'enterprise value' or 'entity value'. ...

In the context of treasury, relationship management includes: ...internally between the people within organisations, including for example the board and departmental teams. ...

...the expression includes every trade, manufacture, adventure or concern in the nature of a trade. More generally, trade normally involves the exchange of goods or services for reward. ...

In the context of credit and debit cards, a merchant is a business that sells goods and services via cards, whether online or physically prese ...

The total value of a commercial business, whether funded by equity alone or by a combination of equity and debt. This total value, in this context is also sometimes known as the 'entity value' or 'aggregate value'. ...

...eral-purpose financing linked to targets that support the evolution of the business to more sustainable practices and outcomes. Contrasted - in this context - with a use-of-proceeds approach or a combined approach. ...

The changing of one dimension of financial risk into another. Examples include ''business transformation'' and ''treasury transformation''. ...

Month on Month, particularly in the context of percentage growth or decline. :<span style="color:#4B0082">'''''The economic impacts of Covid-19 to date'''''</span> ...

In an organisational context, culture includes differences in degrees of: *Motivation to change their behaviour in the light of knowledge of cultural differences. ...

...ally usually means a person who does not identify as LGBTQ+, but supports the rights of people who do. ...lso refer to a person who belongs to one group within LGBTQ+, and supports the rights of people in other groups. ...

...the expression includes every trade, manufacture, adventure or concern in the nature of a trade. More generally, trade normally involves the exchange of goods or services for reward. ...

...reneurial and prudent management that can deliver the long-term success of the organisation. In the non-commercial context the term 'governance' (without the 'corporate' part) is more common. ...

...f the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), Article 6 sets out the disclosure requirements for financial products that do not promote themselv An Article 6 fund is a fund falling under Article 6 of the SFDR, rather than Article 8 or Article 9. ...

...f the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), Article 9 sets out the additional disclosure requirements for financial products that have sustain An Article 9 fund is a fund falling under Article 9 of the SFDR, rather than Article 6 or Article 8. ...

...closures including non-material items may obscure the understandability of the material items that they are placed around. ...affected by the reporting items being considered - that determine whether the items are material. ...

...verse physical effects that have already resulted from climate change, and the related costs. * [[World Business Council for Sustainable Development]] ...

...the activities that can be defined as environmentally sustainable in a UK context. It replaces the EU Taxonomy that applied previously in the UK. ...

...f the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), Article 8 sets out the additional disclosure requirements for financial products that promote, amo An Article 8 fund is a fund falling under Article 8 of the SFDR, rather than Article 6 or Article 9. ...

...n, a relevant alternative is a practicable alternative course of action to the restructuring plan. ...ld typically be administration and the sale of the trade and assets of the business. ...

The phases of a project generally include: :(3) Commercial production or use of the new or improved items in the market. ...

In contract law, performance of a contract means that the parties meet their contractual obligations as agreed. In this context, measures of performance may be qualitative or quantitative. ...

...er equally), to achieve a reduction in the overall level of tax payable by the group. ...tax deduction for interest payable in a given jurisdiction and arrange for the corresponding receipt to arise in a jurisdiction where it will be taxed as ...

...rting measures - for example ''adjusted earnings'' - reported earnings are the amounts of earnings calculated and reported under applicable accounting sta ...since they exclude items which are not reflective of the normal course of business... ...

In the context of a new company, owned privately by a relatively small group of shareholde On a liquidity event, the early investors - including founders - generally have an opportunity to liq ...

In the corporate finance context, risk refers to the degree to which future returns may vary. Risk is often measured by the standard deviation of forecast returns. ...

Those who hold and manage the assets are known as ''trustees''. The people on whose behalf the trustees are working are known as ''beneficiaries''. ...

A fan token is a digital asset relating to a sports team, granting the holder preferential experiences, merchandising options and potentially voti ...ve preserve of sports corporations? Couldn’t any type of company get in on the action? ...

The European Commission's Technical expert group on sustainable finance. The TEG's work, including the development of the EU taxonomy on environmental sustainability. ...

...R'''itain and '''EXIT''', meaning the exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). A referendum on the issue was held in the UK on 23 June 2016. ...

In this context, interest rates are generally expressed at a percentage of the principal amount borrowed or invested. More generally, interest can be any difference between the terminal value and the present value of a borrowing or an investment, often expressed as a money a ...

<i>Financial gearing</i> measures the relative amount of debt in a firm's capital structure.<br /> The greater the gearing, the greater the total financial risk. ...

...area (triple-B, single-A) to the sub-investment-grade area (double-B) over the past 15 years. ...are increasingly confident about being associated with a credit rating in the low-investment-grade or sub-investment- grade space. ...

...s and goals in a one-to-one relationship between an individual coachee and the coach. Coaches may use one or more of a number of coaching models, for example the GROW or TGROW models. ...

Stakeholders are all the people and bodies who have a legitimate interest in an organisation's activ The term Stakeholders may be defined very broadly, and the breadth of its definition has been increasing over time. ...

...r sector from green activity or signalling, outside the immediate scope of the activity itself. :"...green bonds may provide additional indirect benefits for the issuer. ...

...the same - or sufficiently similar - in different countries, companies or the like, so that they can work together more easily. The potential benefits of harmonisation include: ...

Abbreviation for the Debt-equity bias reduction allowance tax initiative of the EU. The EU's DEBRA tax initiative aims to encourage companies to finance themselves ...

Retained EU law in the UK is EU law that applied in the UK at the end of the Brexit transition period on 31 December 2020, and continues to apply. ...uced over time, as it is replaced with law developed in the UK, for the UK context. ...

...es. This is also one of the preferred solutions that is currently used for the ongoing management of balances across a number of different currencies. ...r marketing, many corporate treasurers are rightly asking their banks what the future of pooling looks like. ...

...counter-cyclical role, which helped to maintain global trade flows during the recent financial crisis. ...vidual transactions, especially for projects in developing countries where the availability of official support is decisive in allowing projects and their ...

...ury must come out of its silo and manage financial risks in the context of the firm. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) facilitates this by taking an integr Consider the following examples: ...

The independent Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) carries ou The national currency of Switzerland is the Swiss Franc (CHF). ...

...ssigned). Despite this, the cost for obtaining a credit rating is borne by the company or issuer. ...way from traditional bank financing and towards bond finance. As a result, the importance of achieving a strong credit rating is relevant for a wider audi ...

...n the form of International Financial Reporting Standards, as developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). ==IFRS and the IASB – some background== ...

...on a number of emerging currency issues. The poll demonstrated that 76% of the audience identified higher growth rates as a driving factor for their strat ...cal and cultural considerations (identified as a key risk factor by 81% of the respondents) as well as time zone and cultural differences. Managing foreig ...

...nancial Reporting Standards [http://www.ifrs.org (IFRS)], as developed by the [[International Accounting Standards Board]]. ==IFRS and the IASB – some background== ...

...entary we focus on IR in the context of the capital markets, as opposed to the fundraising function within private equity and hedge funds. ==The history of Investor Relations== ...

...d practices and thus make the discussion of relevance to treasurers across the globe. ...scussion of gender mix and a 10-yearly process respectively now set out in the code. ...

...For detail on equity financing in specific jurisdictions, please refer to the relevant Country Guides. ...ilities. The equity capital in a company in liquidation is the property of the holders of ordinary shares hence these shares are often referred to as equi ...

...rvises the 120 “most significant” banks within each eurozone member state. The ECB is responsible for supervisory reviews, on-site inspections and investi ...l terms, enjoys full autonomy as far as monetary policy is concerned, with the main objective of such policy being price stability. ...

...and to enable themselves to be more flexible. Many have taken advantage of the low interest rate environment and pre-funded their borrowing needs. However ...y change in the broader financial markets could lead to a direct impact in the cash market. For example, banks are increasingly turning away cash balances ...

...ruments and related mechanisms for cross border payments. It also looks at the types of payment systems employed to process and settle domestic payments a ...olumes of FPS in the UK now exceed one billion per annum; more than double the annual volumes of cheques issued. ...

...al statements present the cumulative effect of hedging which may stabilise the entity’s net assets, an accounting mismatch, and consequently volatility ...) with losses and gains on the exposures hedged (“hedged items”). However, the restrictive hedge accounting rules of IAS 39 have led to some companies not ...